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Research library

As an organisation that’s grounded in science, we regularly write research papers and produce reports. Here you can find some of the more important scientific papers and reports we’ve written and published over the years.

Our scientific research

Below are scientific research papers and articles, which include a Freshwater Habitats Trust author. Our research papers and articles are arranged in order of citation, with most cited at the top.

Research papers and scientific articles

Comparative biodiversity of rivers, streams, ditches and ponds in an agricultural landscape in Southern England P. Williams et al, Biological Conservation, 2004
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15 years of pond assessment in Britain The original Pond Action team, Aquatic conservation: marine and freshwater ecosystems, 2005
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Using eDNA to develop a national citizen science-based monitoring programme for the great crested newt J. Biggs et al, Biological Conservation, 2015
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The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat Régis Céréghino et al, Hydrobiologia, 2007
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The importance of small waterbodies for biodiversity and ecosystem services: implications for policy makers J. Biggs et al, Hydrobiologia, 2017
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Temporary and permanent ponds: assessment of effects of drying out on conservation value of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities N.H. Collinson et al, Biological Conservation, 1995
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Comparative biodiversity of aquatic habitats in the European agricultural landscape B. Davies et al, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2008
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Conservation and monitoring of pond biodiversity: introduction B. Oertli et al, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2005
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The wetland plant and macroinvertebrate assemblages of temporary ponds in England and Wales P. Nicolet et al, Biological Conservation, 2004
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A comparison of the catchment sizes of rivers, streams, ponds, ditches and lakes B. R. Davies et al, Hydrobiologia, 2008
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Urban ponds as an aquatic biodiversity resource in modified landscapes M. Hill et al, Global Change Biology, 2017
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New approaches to the management of ponds Biggs, J., A. Corfield, D. Walker, M. Whitfield, and P. Williams, British Wildlife 5:273-287, 1994
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How can we make new ponds biodiverse? A case study monitored over 7 years P. Williams et al, Hydrobiologia, 2008
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Indicator taxa for the conservation of pond invertebrate diversity A. Briers et al, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2003
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Pond research and management in Europe:“Small is Beautiful” D. Boix et al, Hydrobiologia, 2012
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SPEAR indicates pesticide effects in streams–comparative use of species-and family-level biomonitoring data M.A. Beketov et al, Environmental Pollution, 2009
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New policy directions for global pond conservation M.Hill et al, Conservation Letters, 2017
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Spatial patterns in pond invertebrate communities: separating environmental and distance effects A. Briers et al, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2005
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Small Water Bodies in Great Britain and Ireland W. Riley et al, Science of the Total Environment, 2018
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History, origins and importance of temporary ponds P. Williams et al, Freshwater Forum, Vol 17, 2001
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The ecological nice of Daphnia magna characterized using population growth rate H. Hooper et al, Ecology, 2008
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Restoration of the rivers Brede, Cole and Skerne J. Biggs et al, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 1998
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Developing and enhancing biodiversity monitoring programmes: a collaborative assessment of priorities M. Pocock et al, Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015
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A guide to the methods of the National Pond Survey J. Biggs et al, 1998
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The freshwater biota of British agricultural landscapes and their sensitivity to pesticides J. Biggs et al, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2007
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A life‐history approach to predicting the recovery of aquatic invertebrate populations after exposure to xenobiotic chemicals T. Sherratt et al, Environmental Toxicology, 2010
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Making agricultural landscapes more sustainable for freshwater biodiversity: a case study from southern England B. Davies et al, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2009
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Biological traits of European pond macroinvertebrates R. Céréghino et al, Hydrobiologia, 2012
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Ecological considerations in pesticide risk assessment for aquatic ecosystems S. Maund et al, Pest Management Science, 1997
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Finding clean water habitats in urban landscapes: professional researcher vs citizen science approaches E McGoff et al, Science of the Total Environment 2016
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Designing new ponds for wildlife P. Williams et al, British Wildlife 8:137-15,1997
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Morphological and physico-chemical properties of British aquatic habitats potentially exposed to pesticides C. Brown et al, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2006
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Second European Pond Workshop: Conservation of pondbiodiversity in a changing European landscape P. Nicolet et al, International Journal of Limnology, 2009
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Pond ecology and conservation: research priorities and knowledge gaps M. Hill et al, Ecosphere, 2021
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How realistic are outdoor microcosms? A comparison of the biota of microcosms and natural ponds P. Williams et al, Environmental Toxicology, 2002 and Chemistry,
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Identifying optimum locations for new ponds B. Davies et al, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2003
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The functional response and resilience in small waterbodies along land‐use and environmental gradients I. Thornhill et al, Global Change Biology, 2018
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Community heterogeneity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in urban ponds at a multi-city scale M. Hill et al, Landscape Ecology, 2018
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Macroinvertebrates in the catchment streams of Lake Naivasha, Kenya P.C. Barnard et al, Revue d'Hydrobiologie Tropicale, 1988
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Pond conservation in Europe B. Oertli et al, Developments in Hydrobiology, 2010
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Local contributions to beta diversity in urban pond networks M. Hill et al, Diversity and Distributions, 2021
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The ecology and management of urban pondscapes C. Hassall et al, Urban Landscape Ecology, 2016
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Nature based measures increase freshwater biodiversity in agricultural catchments P. Williams et al, Biological Conservation, 2020
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Water P. Morris et al, Methods of environmental impact assessment, 2001
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Preface: The importance of small water bodies M. Kelly-Quinn et al, Hydrobiologia, 2017
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The influence of simulated immigration and chemical persistence on recovery of macroinvertebrates... S. Maund et al, Pest Management Science, 2009
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Temporary ponds of eastern Poland: an initial assessment of their importance for nature conservation J. Biggs et al, Archives des Sciences, 2004
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Dangers and opportunities in managing temporary ponds J. Biggs et al, 2001
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Lakes and Ponds T. Bailey-Watts et al, The Hydrology of the UK, 1999
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Comparison of technical and systems-based approaches to managing pesticide contamination in surface water catchments V. Velez et al, Journal of Environmental Management, 2020
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Pond conservation in Europe: the European Pond Conservation Network (EPCN) N. Indermuehle et al, Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen, 2008
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The ecology and conservation of the glutinous snail Myxas glutinosa (Müller) in Great Britain: a review M. Whitfield et al, Journal of Conchology, 1998
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Pond action: promoting the conservation of ponds in Britain J. Biggs et al, 1991
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Ecology and conservation of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops cancriformis in Britain R. Feber et al, British Wildlife 22(5):334-341, 2011
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Garden pond diversity: Opportunities for urban freshwater conservation M. Hill et al, Basic and Applied Ecology, 2021
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Opportunities, approaches and challenges to the engagement of citizens in filling small water body data gaps M. Kelly-Quinn et al, Hydrobiologia, 2023
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Challenges and opportunities in the use of ponds and pondscapes as Nature-based Solutions M. Cuenca-Cambronero, Hydrobiologia, 2023
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Pondscape or waterscape? The effect on the diversity of dispersal along different freshwater ecosystems A.I. Borthagaray, Hydrobiologia, 2023
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The size-distribution of earth’s lakes and ponds: Limits to power-law behavior B.B. Cael, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2022
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The use of a herbicide to investigate catchment management approaches to meeting Sustainable Intensification (SI) objectives. C. Stoate et al, Aspects of Applied Biology, 2017
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Nature based measures reverse catchment biodiversity loss and increase freshwater resilience in an agricultural landscape P. Williams et al, bioRxiv, 2019
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Preface: Small water bodies in the landscape M. Kelly-Quinn et al, Hydrobiologia, 2023
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Finding Newts–Using Environmental DNA to Detect Great Crested Newts J. Biggs, Genetic Techniques and Technologies, 2018
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Temporary ponds in the UK: A critical biodiversity resource for freshwater plants and animals P. Nicolet, Freshwater Forum, Vol 17, 2001
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The Multi-Scale Response of Water Quality, Biodiversity and Carbon Sequestration to Coupled Macronutrient Cycling from Source to Sea A. Wade, B. Emmett, C. Jago, M. Stutter, J. Biggs
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UK biodiversity indicators in your pocket 2013. Indicator C4a, Status of priority species-technical background report J. Biggs et al, Joint Nature Conservation, 2013 Committee,
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Biological traits of European pond macroinvertebrates B. Oertli et al, Hydrobiologia, 2012
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Environmental correlates of aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity in garden ponds: Implications for pond management in Insect Conservation and Diversity M. Hill, P. Wood, J. White, I. Thornhill, W. Fairchild, P. Williams, P. Nicolet, J. Biggs, Insect Conservation and Diversity, 2023
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Nidderdale ponds: a case study from an important freshwater landscape K. Wright, Environmental Scientist, 2023
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Nature based measures increase freshwater biodiversity in agricultural catchments P. Williams et al, Biological Conservation, 2020
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Copyright issues prevent us from publishing the full text of many of our published papers. If you can’t find what you’re looking for, please get in touch.

Our reports - monitoring and policy

Below are monitoring and policy reports, arranged by topic. Freshwater Habitats Trust was formerly called Pond Action and Pond Conservation. Within each section, reports are arranged in chronological order, with most recent at the top.

We aim to include all our reports here, but if you can’t find what you’re looking for, please get in touch.

Biodiversity monitoring reports

Middle Barton Fen SSSI (Unit 1) botanical and vegetation survey report. D. Morris, Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2024
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Tuckmill Meadows SSSI botanical and vegetation survey report D. Morris, Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2023
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Nash Fen vegetation and botanical survey report D. Morris, Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2022
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Monitoring Clean Water with the National Trust
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Monitoring Ornamental Lakes with the National Trust
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Developing a monitoring strategy and protocol for National Trust freshwaters J. Biggs, Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2018
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National Trust Freshwater Monitoring Survey 2018 results Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2018
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Survey of ponds at Furze Allotment, Great Hockham Martin Hammond Ecology, 2018
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Survey of ponds at Waterhouse Plantation, STANTA, Norfolk Martin Hammond Ecology, 2018
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Spring Covert pond survey Martin Hammond Ecology, 2017
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A survey of ponds at Gallows Bridge Farm Nature Reserve, Buckinghamshire Martin Hammond Ecology, 2016
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Survey of ponds at Oldhouse Yard Covert Martin Hammond Ecology, 2016
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Survey of ponds at Stow Bedon Fuel Allotment Martin Hammond Ecology, 2016
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Management Plan for Naphill Common Friends of Naphill Common, 2014
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Developing a national pond surveillance strategy for widespread and localised species Pond Conservation, 2012
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Baseline ecological assessment of 40 gravel pit lakes in the Lower Windrush Valley (Oxfordshire) Pond Conservation, 2005
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Appraisal of Amberley Wild Brooks aquatic invertebrate, wetland plant and water chemistry monitoring data Pond Conservation, 2004
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A spring survey of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Montgomery Canal Pond Conservation, 2003
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Evaluation of a revised version of Canal PSYM based on edge only invertebrate sample Report to the Environment Agency (Midlands Region), Pond Conservation, 2001
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Survey of the wetland plants and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Littleworth Pond (Buckinghamshire) Ponds Conservation Trust, 2001
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Macroinvertebrate study related to Thames Water Utilities Limited (TWUL) reservoir development proposal Phase 1 survey of the Ock and Thames catchments, Pond Action
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An assessment of the ecological value of SUDS ponds in Scotland Pond Action, 2000
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Ecological Survey of Spring Mill Upper Pond Pond Action, 2000
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Ecological Survey of Rossmere Park Pond Action, 2000
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Ecological Survey of Lillands ORSU Pond Action, 2000
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Ecological Survey of Warden Law Pond Action, 2000
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Survey of the plants and aquatic macroinvertebrates in ponds on Stoke Common, Buckinghamshire Pond Action, 2000
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Ecological Survey of Farnley Dams Pond Action, 2000
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Ecological Survey of Highwood Dam Pond Action, 2000
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Ecology and management of the Greenmore ponds, Woodcote Pond Action, 2000
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Survey of the wetland plants and aquatic macroinvertebrates in two ponds on Naphill common Pond Action, 2000
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Ecological Survey of Joes Pond Pond Action, 2000
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Ecological Survey of Charlton's Pond Pond Action, 2000
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Ecological Survey of Rainton Meadows Lower Pond Pond Action, 2000
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The ecology and management of New Pond, Gerrards Cross Pond Action, 1999
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Ecological Survey of the Rivelin Valley Ponds (Sheffield) and Sunny Bank Pond (Mirfield) Pond Action, 1999
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Plant and macroinvertebrate assemblages in the new mesocosms Pond Action, 1999
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Lowland Pond Survey 1996 Pond Action, June 1998
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The aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna of Orton Brickpits, Peterborough A report to WWF UK, Pond Action, 1998
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An Ecological Survey of the pond at Little Coxwell, near Faringdon, Oxfordshire Pond Action, 1997
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A survey of the macroinvertebrates of the Letcombe Brook at the DowElanco Letcombe Laboratory Report for DowElanco, Pond Action, 1997
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Restoration Project - Detailed flood plain vegetation monitoring A report for Pond Action by T. C. G. Rich, 1995
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Coleshill River Restoration Project Botanica l Survey A report for Pond Action by T. C. G. Rich, 1994
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A survey of Stanford Quarry and the Frogmore Brook Report for Oxfordshire County Council, Pond Action, 1994
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Department of Transport: MWU M4 Widening: widening within land Junction 8(9) to 10. Plant survey of motorway ditches Pond Action, 1994
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The Oxfordshire Pond Survey Volume 2 A Report to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-UK), Pond Action, 1994
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The Oxfordshire Pond Survey Volume 1 A Report to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-UK), Pond Action, 1994
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A survey of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the Butts Pond, Staines Moor, following flooding of the site in October 1993 Pond Action, 1993
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A survey of the wetland plants and macroinvertebrates of the Butts Pond, Staines Moor Pond Action, 1993
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An aquatic macroinvertebrate survey of ditches on Westcourt Marshes, Kent Report by Pond Action for RPS Clouston, 1992
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A survey of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of ponds in the Godstone Ponds SSSI, Surrey A report to English Nature, Pond Action, 1991
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A survey of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Buckingham Stream, Norfolk Report to Alconbury Environmental Consultants, Pond Action, 1991
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A survey of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Berry Brook Report to the Colson-Stone Partnership, Pond Action, 1991
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Cogges Link Road - River Corridor Survey Pond Action, 1991
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A Survey of 1km of the River Colne near Stanwell Moor Pond Action, 1991
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An ecological survey of Bader Way Lake and its surroudnings, Dinton Pastures Country Park Pond Action, 1991
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Pinkhill Meadow wetland enhancement project, Farmoor, phase 2 – 1991-92 Recommendations given for the Pinkhill Meadow Wetland enhancement scheme: phase 2, February 1992
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Monitoring the Pinkhill Meadow wetlands: Autumn 1990-Winter 1991 Progress report for the National Rivers Authority (Thames Region), Pond Action, 1991
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Monitoring the Pinkhill Meadow wetlands: Summer 1990-Spring 1991 Progress report for the National Rivers Authority (Thames Region), Pond Action, 1991
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Freshwater gastropoda of Britain Pond Action
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The Datchet, Wraysbury, Staines and Chertsey flood study aquatic biology - phase 2 Pond Action, 1991
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The Datchet, Wraysbury, Staines and Chertsey flood study aquatic biology - part 2 Pond Action, 1990
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A survey of the plants and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Wolvercote Green Pond and Wolvercote Common Large Pond Pond Action, 1990
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A survey of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Great Trill Stream and the Bruckland Stream, Devon Report to Alconbury Environmental Consultants, Pond Action, 1990
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A survey of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Port Greenwich Gas Board ditch Report to Alconbury Environmental Consultants, Pond Action, 1990
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A summer survey of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of two ponds and a lake close to the proposed route of the A11 A report to Alconbury Environmental Consultants, Pond Action, 1990
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A survey of the aquatic invertebrates of six ponds, The Bays River and the Bays River Fen Report to Herpetofauna International, Pond Action, 1990
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A Survey of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of ponds lying within lOOm of the proposed Wymondham by-pass Pond Action, 1989
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River Thames- Teddington Weir to Putney Bridge - Survey of wetland vegetation in the river corridor A report to Thames Water, Pond Action, 1989
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A ecological survey of the Upper Lake at Crystal Palace Report to the Hamlet Partnership, Pond Action, 1989
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A ecological survey of Uxbridge College pond Report to Herpetofauna International, Pond Action, 1989
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An ecological survey of Brerley Close Pond, Uxbridge Report to Herpetofauna International, Pond Action, 1989
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A survey of the plant and macro-invertebrate communities of four ponds in Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire Pond Action, 1989
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An ecological survey of the pond at Saunderton Pumping Station A report to Thames Water, Pond Action, 1988
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Important Areas for Ponds reports

The Important Areas for Ponds (IAP) concept was proposed and developed by Freshwater Habitats Trust to raise awareness of geographic regions that support ponds of national or international biodiversity importance. The project was successfully piloted in Wales (Nicolet et al. 2007) prior to ponds being added to the UK list of BAP Priority Habitats in 2007, and IAPs have now been completed for South-east England and Northern Ireland.

Conceptually, IAPs are similar to initiatives developed by other organisations:

  • Birdlife International’s Important Bird Areas (IBAs).
  • Plantlife International’s Important Plant Areas (IPAs) and Important Stonewort Areas (ISAs).

The aim of IAPs is to identify networks of the most important ponds and their biodiversity. These areas can then be used to help focus strategies for pond monitoring, protection and appropriate management and creation.

Some of our biodiversity monitoring reports (eg eDNA for Great Crested Newt) are listed separately below.

National Pond Survey reports

Below are reports produced for the National Pond Survey, which we launched in 1989, with support from WWF, when we were called Pond Conservation. Covering 200 ponds in semi-natural habitats, it was the first survey of its kind in the world.

Policy reports

These are reports produced for policymakers.

Defining and Mapping Pond Irreplaceable Habitat P. Williams, W. Watson, G. King-Salter, M. Hammond, 2022
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Important Freshwater Areas (IFAs). First workshop on method development (April 2014). P. Nicolet and J. Biggs, 2015
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Report of the Workshop on the Protection and Management of Small Water Bodies European Environmental Bureau, European Commission, Lithuanian Presidency and Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2013
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Blueprint for PR14 - An environmental assessment of water company plans Blueprint for Water Coalition, 2012
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Countryside Survey Ponds Report, 2007
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Aquatic ecosystems in the UK agricultural landscape Final project report for Defra, 2003
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Ponds, pools and lochans Guidance on good practice in the management and creation of small waterbodies in Scotland, SEPA and Pond Action, 2000
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Proceedings of the Ponds Conference 1998 Pond Action & The Ponds Conservation Trust
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A study to establish the rationale for a National Rivers I Authority (NRA) river rehabilitation programme ECON and Pond Action, 1993
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The River Restoration Project - background information J. Biggs et al, 1992
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Protecting Britain's ponds: A Provisional strategy for Pond Conservation in the 1990s Pond Action 1992
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Some reports in other sections (eg Water Friendly Farming) are also related to policy.

PSYM method reports

These are reports from our work to develop the PSYM (Predictive SYstem for Multimetrics) method to provide a means of assessing the quality of waterbodies in England and Wales.

Species surveys

These reports relate to surveys focusing on individual species. Our Newt Conservation Partnership monitoring reports and eDNA reports for Great Crested Newt are listed below, under ‘Our reports – projects’.

Our reports - projects

Below are reports, which are outputs of Freshwater Habitats Trust projects – past and present.

We aim to include all our reports here, but if you can’t find what you’re looking for, please get in touch.

BFER LPS Citizen Science: Testing the Water 2020-present

Testing the Water is part of The Brecks’ Fen Edge & Rivers Landscape Partnership Scheme (BFER LPS), is a Landscape Heritage Scheme for the Norfolk and Suffolk Brecks. It builds on the legacy of the Breaking New Ground Landscape Partnership Scheme (2013-17) to continue to develop and refocus engagement, public awareness and positive action on the heritage of The Brecks’ fen edge, river and wetland landscapes in this unique part of East Anglia.

Building Oxfordshire's Freshwater Network 2022-2023

Clean Water for Wildlife

Clean Water for Wildlife was a Heritage Lottery funded citizen science survey that aimed to raise awareness of the true extent of nutrient pollution. It helped us identify clean water habitats in England and Wales, where wildlife can thrive and to reveal the extent of nutrient pollution impacting freshwater life today.

New Forest Catchment Partnership projects

As co-hosts of the New Forest Catchment Partnership, we run many different projects in the Forest.

Newt Conservation Partnership 2018-present

The Newt Conservation Partnership is a community benefit society formed through partnership between charities, Freshwater Habitats Trust and Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. Our sole purpose is to create and restore high quality habitat for Great Crested Newt. We are funded via the NatureSpace Partnership District Licensing Scheme.

Each year, we carry out monitoring reports on the ponds that have been created through the scheme.

Oxfordshire Fens Project and Saving Oxford's Wetland Wildlife

People Ponds and Water 2015-2018

The People, Ponds and Water project was a national partnership working with volunteers across England and Wales to monitor, manage and protect freshwater wildlife. It was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund.

PondNet reports are included in this section.

A Vegetative Key to Wetland Plants John Poland and Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2019
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People, Ponds and Water summary report 2015-2018 Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2018
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Prosiect Pobl, Pyllau a Dwr Adroddiad Cryno Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2018
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People, Ponds and Water - evaluation and legacy report Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2018
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Pond habitat survey method booklet Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2017
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PondNet: Multi-taxa structured surveillance of small standing water bodies Year 3 report, Freshwater Habitats Trust, 2014
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PondNet eDNA surveys for Great Crested Newt

Each year since 2015, we’ve used pioneering Environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques to monitor Great Crested Newts and other aquatic animals in key locations across England.

This is the first national Great Crested Newt eDNA monitoring scheme.

River Irfon catchment project

We have been working in the Irfon catchment since 2018, building on work that began in mid-Wales in the mid 2000s as part of the People, Ponds and Water project supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund. Through our Welsh Government funded Irfon Catchment Resilient Freshwater Habitats project, we worked with local landowners and communities to monitor water quality and carry out species monitoring.

River Ock catchment reports

Freshwater Habitats Trust hosts the River Ock Catchment Partnership. Here are reports relating to the catchment.

Saving Nidderdale's Priority Ponds 2021-2024

Saving Nidderdale’s Priority Ponds is a partnership project between Nidderdale AONB and Freshwater Habitats Trust. Phase one of the project was funded through Yorkshire Water’s Biodiversity Programme.

Thame River Catchment Partnership

The Thame Catchment Partnership is jointly hosted by the River Thame Conservation Trust and Freshwater Habitats Trust. Together, we’re working for a healthy river catchment, valued and enjoyed by local people.